Beaver Management Literature
The Fur-Bearers publications:
Beavers – Coexistence strategies for municipalities and landowners (English, PDF). 2019.
Castors: Stratégies de coexistence pour les municipalités et les propriétaires fonciers (French, PDF). 2019.
Another great resource, The Beaver Institute library.
Below is a partial list of literature related to beavers, beaver management, and public perception, etc. It was prepared for The Fur-Bearers by Janice Wong. Last updated August 1, 2019
Beavers in Captivity
Campbell-Palmer, R., Rosell, F., 2015. Captive Care and Welfare Considerations for Beavers. Zoo Biol. 34, 101–109.
Distribution of Beavers and/or Reintroduction
Bailey, D.R., Dittbrenner, B.J., Yocom, K.P., 2018. Reintegrating the North American beaver (Castor canadensis) in the urban landscape. Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Water 6, e1323. https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1323
Bloomquist, C.K., Nielsen, C.K., 2010. Demography of Unexploited Beavers in Southern Illinois. J. Wildl. Manage. 74, 228–235. https://doi.org/10.2193/2008-456
Bloomquist, C.К., Nielsen, C.K., Shew, J.J., 2012. Spatial Organization of Unexploited Beavers (Castor canadensis) in Southern Illinois. Am. Midl. Nat. 167, 188–197.
Destefano, S., Koenen, K.K.G., Henner, C.M., Strules, J., 2006. Transition to independence by subadult beavers (Castor canadensis) in an unexploited, exponentially growing population. J. Zool. 269, 434–441. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00160.x
Pietrek, A., Escobar, J.M., Fasola, L., Roesler, I., Schiavini, A., 2017. Why invasive Patagonian beavers thrive in unlikely habitats: a demographic perspective. J. Mammal. 98, 283–292. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyw169
Small, B.A., Frey, J.K., Gard, C.C., 2016. Livestock grazing limits beaver restoration in northern New Mexico. J. Soc. Ecol. Restor. 24, 646–655. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.12364
Ecosystem Engineering of Beavers: Benefits and Harms
Bartel, R.A., Haddad, N.M., Wright, J.P., Bartel, R.A., Haddad, N.M., Wright, J.P., 2010. Ecosystem engineers maintain a rare species of butterfly and increase plant diversity. Nord. Soc. Oikos 119, 883–890. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.
Collen, P., Gibson, R.J., 2001. The general ecology of beavers (Castor spp.), as related to their influence on stream ecosystems and riparian habitats, and the subsequent effects on fish – a review. Rev. Fish Biol. Fish. 10, 439–461.
Hood, G.A., Larson, D.G., 2015. Ecological engineering and aquatic connectivity: a new perspective from beaver-modified wetlands. Freshw. Biol. 60, 198–208. https://doi.org/10.1111/fwb.12487
Law, A., Gaywood, M.J., Jones, K.C., Ramsay, P., Willby, N.J., 2017. Using ecosystem engineers as tools in habitat restoration and rewilding: beaver and wetlands. Sci. Total Environ. 605–606, 1021–1030. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.173
Law, A., Mclean, F., Willby, N.J., 2016. Habitat engineering by beaver benefits aquatic biodiversity and ecosystem processes in agricultural streams. Freshw. Biol. 61, 486–499. https://doi.org/10.1111/fwb.12721
Malison, R.L., Kuzishchin, K. V, Stanford, J.A., 2016. Do beaver dams reduce habitat connectivity and salmon productivity in expansive river floodplains? PeerJ 4, e2403. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2403
Malison, R.L., Lorang, M.S., Whited, D.C., Stanford, J.A., 2014. Beavers (Castor canadensis) influence habitat for juvenile salmon in a large Alaskan river floodplain. Freshw. Biol. 59, 1229–1246. https://doi.org/10.1111/fwb.12343
Martin, S.L., Jasinski, B.L., Kendall, A.D., Dahl, T.A., Hyndman, D.W., 2015. Quantifying beaver dam dynamics and sediment retention using aerial imagery, habitat characteristics, and economic drivers. Landsc. Ecol. 30, 1129–1144. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-015-0165-9
Nummi, P., Holopainen, S., 2014. Whole-community facilitation by beaver: ecosystem engineer increases waterbird diversity. Aquat. Conserv. Mar. Freshw. Ecosyst. 24, 623–633. https://doi.org/10.1002/aqc.2437
Rosell, F., Bozsér, O., Collen, P., Parker, H., 2005. Ecological impact of beavers Castor fiber and Castor canadensis and their ability to modify ecosystems. Mamm. Rev. 35, 248–276.
Rozhkova-Timina, I.O., Popkov, V.K., Mitchell, P.J., Kirpotin, S.N., 2018. Beavers as ecosystem engineers – a review of their positive and negative effects. IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci. 201.
Stevens, C.E., Paszkowski, C.A., Foote, A.L., 2007. Beaver (Castor canadensis) as a surrogate species for conserving anuran amphibians on boreal streams in Alberta, Canada. Biol. Conserv. 134, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2006.07.017
Factors Influencing Dam Establishments
Barnes, D.M., Mallik, A.U., 1996. Use of woody plants in construction of beaver dams in northern Ontario. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 74.
Barnes, D.M., Mallik, A.U., 1997. Habitat Factors Influencing Beaver Dam Establishment in a Northern Ontario Watershed. J. Wildl. Manage. 61, 1371–1377.
Mumma, M.A., Gillingham, M.P., Johnson, C.J., Parker, K.L., 2018. Where beavers (Castor canadensis) build: testing the influence of habitat quality, predation risk, and anthropogenic disturbance on colony occurrence. Can. J. Zool. 96, 897–904.
Swinnen, K., Rutten, A., Nyssen, J., Leirs, H., 2010. Environmental Factors Influencing Beaver Dam Locations. J. Wildl. 83, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.21601
Human-Beaver Conflicts
Barnes, J., Dibble, A.N.D.E., 1988. The effects of beaver in riverbank forest succession. Can. J. Bot. 66, 40–44.
Curtis, P.D., Jensen, P.G., 2004. Habitat Features Affecting Beaver Occupancy along Roadsides in New York State. J. Wildl. Manage. 68, 278–287.
Donkor, N.T., Fryxell, J.M., 1999. Impact of beaver foraging on structure of lowland boreal forests of Algonquin Provincial Park, Ontario. For. Ecol. Manage. 118, 83–92.
Erlandsen, S.L., Sherlock, L., Bemrick, W.J., Ghobrial, H., 1990. Prevalence of Giardia spp. in Beaver and Muskrat Populations in Northeastern States and Minnesota: Detection of Intestinal Trophozoites at Necropsy Provides Greater Sensitivity than Detection of Cysts in Fecal Samples. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 56, 31–36.
Fortin, C., Lizotte, M., 2007. Castors, routes et chemins de fer: une problématique méconnue. In Vivo (Brooklyn). 27, 8–10.
Jonker, S.A., Muth, R.M., Organ, J.F., Zwick, R.R., Siemer, W.F., 2006. Experiences with Beaver Damage and Attitudes of Massachusetts Residents Toward Beaver. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 34, 1009–1021.
Malison, R.L., Kuzishchin, K. V, Stanford, J.A., 2016. Do beaver dams reduce habitat connectivity and salmon productivity in expansive river floodplains? PeerJ 4, e2403. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2403
Martell, K.A., Foote, A.L., Cumming, S.G., Martell, K.A., Foote, A.L., Riparian, S.G.C., 2006. Implications for forest management Riparian disturbance due to beavers (Castor canadensis) in Alberta’s boreal mixedwood. Écoscience 13, 164–171. https://doi.org/10.2980/i1195-6860-13-2-164.1
Papier, C.M., Poulos, H.M., Kusch, A., 2019. Invasive species and carbon flux: the case of invasive beavers (Castor canadensis) in riparian Nothofagus forests of Tierra. Clim. Chang. 153, 219–234.
Touihri, M., Labbé, J., Imbeau, L., Darveau, M., 2018. North American Beaver (Castor canadensis Kuhl) key habitat characteristics: review of the relative effects of geomorphology, food availability and anthropogenic infrastructure. Écoscience 25, 9–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/11956860.2017.1395314
Tremblay, G., Valeria, O., Imbeau, L., 2017. Characterisation of Beaver Habitat Parameters That Promote the Use of Culverts as Dam Construction Sites: Can We Limit the Damage to Forest Roads? Forests 8, 494–507. https://doi.org/10.3390/f8120494
Westbrook, C.J., Cooper, D.J., Anderson, C.B., 2017. Alteration of hydrogeomorphic processes by invasive beavers in southern South America. Sci. Total Environ. 574, 183–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.045
Managing Human-Beaver Conflicts
Trapping
Buech, R., 1983. Modification of the Bailey Live Trap for Beaver. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 11, 66–68.
Gilbert, F., N., G., 1982. Terminal Dives in Mink, Muskrat and Beaver. Physiol. Behav. 28, 835–840.
Huffaker, R.G., Bhat, M.G., Lenhard, S.M., 1992. Optimal trapping strategies for diffusing nuisance-beaver populations. Nat. Resour. Model. 6, 71–97.
Koenen, K., Destefano, S., Henner, C., Beroldi, T. 2005. Capturing Beavers in Box Traps. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 33, 1153–1159.
Ludders, J.W., Schmidt, R.H., Dein, F.J., Klein, P.N., Ludders, J.W., Schmidt, R.H., Dein, F.J., Klein, P.N., 1999. Drowning is not euthanasia. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 27, 666–670.
McKinstry, M., Anderson, S., 2002. Survival, Fates, and Success of Transplanted Beavers, Castor canadensis, in Wyoming. Can. Nat. 116, 60–68.
McKinstry, M.C., Anderson, S.H., 1998. Using snares to live-capture beaver, Castor canadensis. Can. Field-Naturalist 112, 469–473.
Powell, R.A., Proulx, G., 2003. Trapping and Marking Terrestrial Mammals for Research: Integrating Ethics, Performance Criteria, Techniques, and Common Sense. ILAR J. 44, 259–379.
Proulx, G., Barrett, M., 1989. Animal Welfare Concerns and Wildlife Trapping: Ethics, Standards and Commitments. 1989 Trans. West. Sect. Wildl. Soc. 25, 1–6.
Rosell, F., Hovde, B., 2001. Methods of aquatic and terrestrial netting to capture Eurasian beavers. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 29, 269–274. https://doi.org/10.2307/3784008
Rosell, F., Kvinlaug, J.K., 1998. Methods for live-trapping beaver (Castor spp.). Aspen Bibliogr. 19, 1–28.
Southwick, R., 2007. Eliminating trapping escalates beaver complaints and costs to the public. Human-Wildlife Conflicts 1, 141–143.
Vantassel, S., 2006. The Bailey Beaver Trap: Modifications and Sets to Improve Capture Rate a b. Proc. 22nd Vetrebrate Pest Conf. 22, 171–173.
Weaver, K., Arner, D., Mason, C., Hartley, J., 1985. A Guide to Using Snares for Beaver Capture. South. J. Appl. For. 9, 141–146.
Breaching of Dams
Billman, E.J., Kreitzer, J.D., Creighton, J.C., Habit, E., Mcmillan, B., Belk, M.C., 2013. Habitat enhancement and native fish conservation: can enhancement of channel complexity promote the coexistence of native and introduced fishes? Environ. Biol. Fishes 96, 555–566.
Butler, D.R., Malanson, G.P., 2005. The geomorphic influences of beaver dams and failures of beaver dams. Geomorphology 71, 48–60.
Collen, P., Gibson, R.J., 2001. The general ecology of beavers (Castor spp.), as related to their influence on stream ecosystems and riparian habitats, and the subsequent effects on fish – a review. Rev. Fish Biol. Fish. 10, 439–461.
Gibson, P.P., Olden, J.D., 2014. Ecology, management, and conservation implications of North American beaver (Castor canadensis) in dryland streams. Aquat. Conserv. Mar. Freshw. Ecosyst. 24, 391–409. https://doi.org/10.1002/aqc.2432
Knudsen, G.J., 1962. Relationship of beaver to forests, trout and wildlife in Wisconsin. Wisconsin Conserv. Dep. Tech. Bull. 25, 50.
Niles, J.M., Hartman, K.J., Keyser, P., 2013. Short-term Effects of Beaver Dam Removal on Brook Trout in an Appalachian Headwater Stream. Northeast. Nat. 20, 540–551.
Flow Devices
Boyles, S., Savitzky, B., 2009. An Analysis of the Efficacy and Comparative Costs of Using Flow Devices to Resolve Conflicts with North American Beavers Along Roadways in the Coastal Plain of Virginia. ICOET Proc. 411, 641–646.
Callahan, M., 2003. Beaver Management Study. AMWS Newsl. 44, 12–15. (USA) Region. North Am. J. Fish. Manag. 38, 1203–1225. https://doi.org/10.1002/nafm.10223
Callahan, M., 2005. Best Management Practices for Beaver Problems. AMWS Newsl. 53, 12–15.
Hood, G.A., Manaloor, V., Dzioba, B., 2018. Mitigating infrastructure loss from beaver flooding: A cost – benefit analysis. Hum. Dimens. Wildl. 23, 146–159. https://doi.org/10.1080/10871209.2017.1402223
Lisle, S., 2001. Beaver management at the Penobscot nation, USA: using flow devices to protect property and create wetlands. Proc. Eur. Beaver Symp. 2, 147–156.
Simon, L.J., 2006. Solving Beaver Flooding Problems through the Use of Water Flow Control Devices. Proc. Twelfth Vertebr. Pest Conf. 22, 174–180.
Taylor, J.D., Singleton, R.D., 2014. The Evolution of Flow Devices Used to Reduce Flooding by Beavers: A Review. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 38, 127–133. https://doi.org/10.1002/wsb.363
General Management Papers:
Beck, J.L., Dauwalter, D.C., Gerow, K.G., Hayward, G.D., 2010. Design to monitor trend in abundance and presence of American beaver (Castor canadensis) at the national forest scale. Environ. Monit. Assess. 164, 463–479. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-009-0907-8
Bhat, M., Huffaker, R.A.Y.G., Lenhart, S.M., 1993. Controlling Forest Damage by Dispersive Beaver Populations: Centralized Optimal Management Strategy. Ecol. Appl. 3, 518–530.
DeStefano, S., Deblinger, R., 2005. Wildlife as valuable natural resources vs. intolerable pests: a suburban wildlife management model. Urban Ecosyst. 8, 179–190.
Jensen, P.G., Curtis, P.D., Lehnert, M.E., Hamelin, D.L. 2001. Habitat and structural factors influencing beaver interference with highway culverts. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 29, 654–664.
Johnson-Bice, S.M., Renik, K.M., Windels, S.K., Hafs, A.W., 2018. A Review of Beaver – Salmonid Relationships and History of Management Actions in the Western Great Lakes (USA) Region. North Am. J. Fish. Manag. 38, 1203–1225. https://doi.org/10.1002/nafm.10223
Longcore, T., Rich, C., Muller-Schwarze, D., 2007. Management by Assertion: Beavers and Songbirds at Lake Skinner Riverside County, California). Environ. Manage. 39, 460–471. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-005-0204-4
Payne, N., Peterson, R., 1986. Trends in Complaints of Beaver Damage in Wisconsin. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 14, 303–307.
Riley, S.J., Decker, D.J., Carpenter, L.H., Organ, J.F., William, F., Mattfeld, G.F., Parsons, G., 2002. The Essence of Wildlife Management. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 30, 585–593.
Beaver Manuals by Government or Other Agencies
Animal Protection Party of Canada & Animal Alliance of Canada. 2016. Techniques for Mitigating Human/Beaver Conflicts in Urban and Suburban Environments. Available at: https://www.animalalliance.ca/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Beaver-Manual_May-2016.pdf
D’Eon, R., LaPinte, R., Bosnick, N., Davies, C., MacLean, B., Watt, W., Wilson, G., 1995. The beaver handbook: a guide to understanding and coping with beaver activity. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Northeast Science and Technology, FG-006, Queen’s Printer for Ontario, Canada.
Jennifer Rae Pierce. 2016. Understanding and Managing Beavers in Vancouver. Available at: https://sustain.ubc.ca/sites/sustain.ubc.ca/files/GCS/2016%20Project%20Reports/Understanding%20and%20Managing%20Beavers%20in%20Vancouver_Pierce_2016_0.pdf
La Fondation de la Faune du Québec. 2001. Guide D’Aménagement et de Gestion Du Territoire Utilisé par le Castor au Québec. Available at: http://www.fondationdelafaune.qc.ca/documents/File/GuideAmenagGestionTerritoireCastor.pdf
Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks. 2001. Beaver Management Guidelines. Available at: https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/environment/natural-resource-stewardship/best-management-practices/beaver-guide.pdf
Province of British Columbia. Management Guidelines in British Columbia, Beaver.
The British Columbia Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals [BCSPCA]. 2018. Wildlife and Rodent Control Standards. Available at: https://spca.bc.ca/wp-content/uploads/AnimalKind-Wildlife-Control-Standards.pdf
United States Department of Agriculture. 2005. How to Keep Beavers from Plugging Culverts. Available at: https://www.fs.fed.us/t-d/pubs/pdfpubs/pdf05772830/pdf05772830dpi300.pdf
Vermont Fish & Wildlife Department. 2002. Best Management Practices for Resolving Human-Beaver Conflicts in Vermont. Available at: https://dec.vermont.gov/sites/dec/files/wsm/wetlands/docs/Best_Management_Practices_for_Human-Beaver_Conflicts.pdf.
Physiological Knowledge of Beavers (includes both Castor canadensis and Castor fiber)
Gruninger, R.J., Mcallister, T.A., Forster, R.J., 2016. Bacterial and Archaeal Diversity in the Gastrointestinal Tract of the North American Beaver (Castor canadensis). PLoS One 11, e0156457. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0156457
Stefen, C., Habersetzer, J., Witzel, U., 2016. Biomechanical aspects of incisor action of beavers (Castor fiber L.). J. Mammal. 97, 619–630. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyv209
Predator-Prey Interactions
Baker, B., Peinetti, H., Coughenour, M., Johnson, T., 2012. Competition favors elk over beaver in a riparian willow ecosystem. Ecosphere 3(11), 1–15.
Gable, T., Windels, S., 2018. Kill Rates and Predation Rates of Wolves on Beavers. J. Wildl. Manage. 82, 466–472. https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.21387
Gable, T.D., Windels, S.K., Bruggink, J.G., Homkes, A.T., 2016. Where and How Wolves (Canis lupus) Kill Beavers (Castor canadensis). PLoS One 11, e0165537. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0165537
Latham, A.D.M., Latham, M.C., Knopff, K.H., Hebblewhite, M., Boutin, S., 2013. Wolves, white-tailed deer, and beaver: implications of seasonal prey switching for woodland caribou declines. Ecography (Cop.). 36, 1276–1290. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0587.2013.00035.x
Tadich, T.A., Novaro, A.J., Kunzle, P., Chacón, M., Barrientos, M., Briceño, C., 2018. Agonistic behavior between introduced beaver (Castor canadensis) and endemic culpeo fox (Pseudalopex culpaeus lycoides) in Tierra del Fuego Island and implications. Acta Ethol. 21, 29–34.
Public or Stakeholder Perceptions of Beavers
Jonker, S.A., Muth, R.M., Organ, J.F., Zwick, R.R., Siemer, W.F., 2006. Experiences with Beaver Damage and Attitudes of Massachusetts Residents Toward Beaver. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 34, 1009–1021.
Jonker, S.A., Organ, J.F., Muth, R.M., Zwick, R.R., Siemer, W.F., 2009. Stakeholder Norms Toward Beaver Management in Massachusetts. J. Wildl. Manage. 73, 1158–1165. https://doi.org/10.2193/2004-160
McKinstry, M., Anderson, S., 1999. Attitudes of Private- and Public-Land Managers in Wyoming, USA, Toward Beaver. Environ. Manage. 23, 95–101.
Morzillo, A.T., Needham, M.D., 2015. Landowner Incentives and Normative Tolerances for Managing Beaver Impacts. Hum. Dimens. Wildl. 20, 514–530. https://doi.org/10.1080/10871209.2015.1083062
Organ, J.F., Ellingwood, M.R., 2008. Wildlife Stakeholder Acceptance Capacity for Black Bears, Beavers, and Other Beasts in the East. Hum. Dimens. Wildl. 5, 63–75. https://doi.org/10.1080/10871200009359188
Payne, N., Peterson, R., 1986. Trends in Complaints of Beaver Damage in Wisconsin. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 14, 303–307.
Santo, A.R., Guillozet, K., Sorice, M.G., Baird, T.D., Gray, S., Donlan, C.J., Anderson, C.B., 2017. Examining Private Landowners’ Knowledge Systems for an Invasive Species. Hum. Ecol. 45, 449–462. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-017-9920-7
Siemer, W., Jonker, S., Decker, D., Organ, J., 2013. Toward an understanding of beaver management as human and beaver densities increase. Human-Wildlife Interact. 7, 114–131.